Computer Fundamentals
1. What is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic device that processes data and gives useful information. It works on the Input → Process → Output cycle.
2. Basic Components of a Computer
a. Hardware (Physical parts):
- Input Devices: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner
- Output Devices: Monitor, Printer, Speakers
- Storage Devices: Hard Disk, SSD, Pen Drive
- CPU (Central Processing Unit): Brain of the computer
b. Software (Programs and instructions):
- System Software: Operating System (Windows, macOS, Linux)
- Application Software: MS Word, Excel, Web Browser, Games
3. Types of Computers
- Desktop: Personal computer for regular use
- Laptop: Portable computer
- Tablet/Smartphone: Touchscreen-based mini computers
- Servers: Manage network resources
4. Functions of a Computer
- Input – Entering data
- Processing – Performing operations
- Storage – Saving data
- Output – Showing results
- Control – Managing all tasks
5. Generations of Computers
- 1st Generation: Vacuum tubes
- 2nd Generation: Transistors
- 3rd Generation: Integrated Circuits
- 4th Generation: Microprocessors
- 5th Generation: AI-based systems (present day)
6. Common Operating Systems
- Windows
- macOS
- Linux
- Android
- iOS
7. Basic Computer Terminologies
- Bit & Byte: Units of data
- Hardware vs Software
- Input vs Output
- File & Folder
- Internet & Web Browser